Mesothelioma epidemiologi of Indonesian

Although reported incidence rates have increased in the past 20 years , mesothelioma is still a relatively rare cancer . The incidence rate is approximately one per 1,000,000 . The highest incidence is found in Britain , Australia and Belgium : 30 per 1,000,000 per year . For comparison , populations with high levels of smoking can have a lung cancer incidence of over 1,000 per 1,000,000 . Incidence of malignant mesothelioma currently ranges from about 7 40 per 1,000,000 in the Western countries , depending on the amount of asbestos exposure is the population for decades . It is estimated that incidence may have peaked at 15 per 1,000,000 in the United States in 2004 . The incident is expected to continue to increase in other parts of the world . Mesothelioma occurs more often in men than women and risk increases with age , but this disease can appear in either men or women at any age . Approximately one-fifth of one-third of all peritoneal mesotheliomas .Between 1940 and 1979, approximately 27.5 million people occupationally exposed to asbestos in the United States . Between 1973 and 1984 , there was a threefold increase in the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma in Caucasian males . From 1980 to the late 1990s , the death rate from mesothelioma in the USA increased from 2,000 per year to 3,000 , with men four times more likely than women to obtain . This figure may not be accurate , because it is possible that many cases of mesothelioma are misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the lung, which is difficult to differentiate from mesothelioma .risk factorsWorking with asbestos is the major risk factor for mesothelioma . History of asbestos exposure exists in almost all cases . However , mesothelioma has been reported in some individuals without any known exposure to asbestos . In rare cases, mesothelioma has also been associated with irradiation , intrapleural thorium dioxide ( Thorotrast ) , and inhalation of other fibrous silicates , such as erionite .Asbestos is the name of a group of minerals that occur naturally as masses of strong , flexible fibers that can be separated into thin threads and woven . Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products , including cement , brake linings , gaskets , roof tiles , flooring products , textiles , and insulation . If tiny asbestos particles float in the air , especially during the manufacturing process , they may be inhaled or swallowed, and can cause serious health problems . In addition to mesothelioma , exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer , asbestosis ( a noncancerous lung disease , chronic ) and other cancers , such as throat and kidneys .The combination of smoking and asbestos exposure significantly increases a person's risk of developing cancer Airways ( lung cancer , bronchial carcinoma ) . Kent brand of cigarettes used asbestos in the filters for the first few years of production in the 1950s and some cases of mesothelioma have produced . Modern smoking does not seem to increase the risk of mesothelioma .Some studies suggest that simian virus 40 ( SV40 ) may act as a cofactor in the development of mesothelioma .exposureAsbestos is known in ancient times , but it was not mined and widely used commercially until the late 1800s . Its use greatly increased during World War II . Since the early 1940s , millions of U.S. workers who have been exposed to asbestos dust . Initially , the risks associated with asbestos exposure were not known by the public . However , an increased risk of developing mesothelioma was later found among shipyard workers , people who work in asbestos mines and mills , producers of asbestos products , workers in the heating and construction industries , and other merchants . Today, the U.S. Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) sets limits for acceptable levels of asbestos exposure in the workplace , and created guidelines for engineering controls and respirators , protective clothing , exposure monitoring , hygiene facilities and practices , warning signs , labeling , books , and medical exams . In contrast , the British government 's health and safety executive ( K3 ) states formally that any threshold for mesothelioma must be at a very low level , and many agree that if any such limits exist at all , then it can not currently be measured . For practical purposes , therefore , the K3 does not assume that there is no such limit . People who work with asbestos wear personal protective equipment to lower their risk of exposure .environmental exposureIncidence of mesothelioma had been found to be higher in populations living near naturally asbestos . For example , in Cappadocia , Turkey , mesothelioma causes 50 % of all deaths in three small villages - Tuzköy , Karain and Sarıhıdır . Initially , this was attributed to erionite , a zeolite mineral with similar properties to asbestos , however , recently , detailed epidemiological investigation showed that erionite causes mesothelioma mostly families with a genetic predisposition .jobExposure to asbestos fibers has been recognized as a health hazard since the early 1900s . Several epidemiological studies have associated exposure to asbestos with the development of lesions such as asbestos bodies in the sputum , pleural plaques , diffuse pleural thickening , asbestosis , carcinoma of the lung and larynx , gastrointestinal tumors , and pleural mesothelioma and peritoneal spread .Documented presence of asbestos fibers in water supplies and food products has fostered concerns about the possible long-term effects and , yet , unknown exposure of the general population of this fiber . Although many authorities consider brief or transient exposure to asbestos fibers world and possible risk factors , some epidemiological claims that there is no risk threshold . Cases of mesothelioma have been found in people whose only exposure was breathing the air through ventilation systems . Other cases had very minimal ( 3 months or less ) direct exposure .Commercial asbestos mining at Wittenoom , Western Australia , occurred between 1945 to 1966. Cohort study of miners working in the mine reported that while no deaths occurred within the first 10 years after crocidolite , 85 deaths related to mesothelioma had occurred by the year 1985. In 1994 , 539 reported deaths due to mesothelioma had been reported in Western Australia .Secondary exposure ParaoccupationalFamily members and others living with asbestos workers have an increased risk of developing mesothelioma , and possibly other asbestos related diseases . This risk may be the result of exposure to asbestos dust brought home on the clothing and hair of asbestos workers . To reduce the chance of exposing family members to asbestos fibers , asbestos workers are usually required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace .Asbestos in buildingsMany building materials used in domestic and local public prior to prohibit asbestos may contain asbestos . The people who are doing renovations or DIY activities may expose themselves to asbestos dust . In the UK , the use of Chrysotile asbestos was banned at the end of 1999 . Brown and blue asbestos was banned in the UK around 1985. Buildings built or renovated prior to these dates may contain asbestos materials .